Impact of human activities on coastal groundwater pollution in the Yang-Dai River plain,northern China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Overexploitation of groundwater has resulted in seawater intrusion in many semiarid and arid coastal areas. This study illustrates the origin of...     

城市黑臭水体的产生原因及治理对策

在我国经济发展势头如此迅猛的背景下,城市污染问题日益严重。城市黑臭水体对城市生态环境造成严重影响,如果不能及时进行治理,则会对原有水生态循环系统造成破坏,影响城市居民正常生活。本文首先对城市黑臭水体产生原因进行分析,然后提出有效的治理对策。     

基于疲劳累积破坏机制的储罐结构动力可靠度分析

针对随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性问题，以300 m3的中小型立式低温储罐为研究对象，利用AR模型进行数值模拟得到风载荷的脉动风速时程与脉动功率谱密度函数。采用ANSYS建立储罐三维有限元模型，并对储罐进行动力学分析，计算出储罐结构的随机响应，进而求出随机风载荷作用下储罐结构动力可靠性所需全部数字特征，最后利用疲劳累积损伤机制计算得到储罐的动力可靠度。结果表明:假设结构强度不随时间退化，前5 a动力可靠度基本保持不变，随着使用年限的延长，动力可靠度下降速度明显增大。研究方法可为储罐的动力可靠性及寿命预测提供一定的理论依据。     

金属丝网对甲烷/空气预混火焰管道内传播的影响

为研究管道内金属丝网对甲烷/空气预混火焰传播的影响，通过实验和三维数值模拟研究安装金属丝网的管道内火焰传播特性以及流场、温度场的变化。结果表明:40目4层的金属丝网可以使火焰淬熄，30目4层的金属丝网无法淬熄，但可以使火焰停滞3 ms；大涡模型可以很好地对管道内火焰淬熄现象进行模拟；当火焰穿过30目4层金属丝网时，速度增大，在Kelvin Helmholtz不稳定和Rayleigh Taylor不稳定的耦合作用下形成湍流；金属丝网的目数会影响热量在丝网层中的扩散，当金属丝网为30目4层时，火焰热量扩散快，而当金属丝网为40目4层时，火焰热量扩散慢且温度大幅度衰减，衰减率达到83%。     

Transformation of hazardous lead into aluminosilicate ceramics: structure evolution and lead leaching

This study investigated crystallization mechanisms for the formation of lead aluminosilicate by sintering lead stabilization with kaolin-based precursors. PbAl2Si2O8 was found to be the only stable lead aluminosilicate in low-PbO system and demonstrates its highly intrinsic resistance to acid attack in leaching test. A three-stage PbAl2Si2O8 formation mechanism was supported by the results of the changing temperature in the system. Amorphization of sintered products was observed in both PbO/kaolinite and PbO/mullite systems at 600–700°C. When the temperature was increased to 750–900°C, the crystallochemical formation of lead aluminosilicates (i.e., Pb4Al4Si3O16, Pb6Al6Si2O21, and PbAl2Si2O8) was observed. Pb4Al4Si3O16 and Pb6Al6Si2O21 were found to be the intermediate phases at 700–900°C. Finally, PbAl2Si2O8 was found to be the only crystallite phase to host Pb at above 950°C. A maximum of 80% and 96.7% Pb can be incorporated into PbAl2Si2O8 in PbO/kaolinite and PbO/mullite systems, respectively, but the final products exhibited different microstructures. To reduce environmental hazard of lead, this strategy demonstrated a preferred mechanism of immobilizing lead into PbAl2Si2O8 structure via kaolin-based precursors.     

EDTA滴定法测定高锰水体总硬度的干扰和消除

测定水质总硬度最常用的是EDTA 滴定法,该法易受到多种因素的影响,而锰是重要影响因素之一。分析了锰对EDTA滴定法的影响,对比了两种掩蔽剂对不同浓度锰的掩蔽效果和对检测结果的影响。对实验结果进行了总结分析,为EDTA滴定法测定高锰水体总硬度过程中不同掩蔽剂的选择提供一定的依据。     

14个有价值的城市安全系统学理论基础问题

安全系统学是安全科学的核心基础理论,很适用于研究城市系统安全问题。本文从认识论和本体论出发阐述系统发生事故的本质原因,归纳了城市安全需要研究全生命周期与全球视野问题、微系统—中系统—宏系统耦合匹配问题、可持续—智慧—公共服务—多系统—生活生产安全—公共安全协同问题、输入与输入平衡关系、应急与涌现关系、信息与安全情报关系、安全管理与自组织关系、复杂城市与复杂科学关系,简述本质安全并非基础设施安全、风险管理需要精准安全、韧性并非物理性问题,认为使命—人—机—物—管—环—信—文的体系,以及工程—教育—管理—文化等对策应赋予新的安全内涵。上述内容是城市系统安全学的重要理论基础问题。     

Research status and future challenge for CO2 sequestration by mineral carbonation strategy using iron and steel slag

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Mineral carbonation can simultaneously realize the effective treatment of CO2 and iron and steel slag; thus, it is of great significance for the low...     

安徽省冬季PM2.5污染来源及其成因分析

随着中国城市化和工业化的加速发展，大气污染的问题日益突出，严重危害公众身体健康。基于安徽省逐小时PM2.5浓度监测数据，采用后向轨迹模式、潜在源因子分析法（PSCF）和权重浓度分析法（CWT），构建PM2.5来源分析模型，分析了安徽省PM2.5的来源，并结合地理探测器辨析了影响PM2.5本底贡献浓度的驱动因子。结果表明：（1）本底贡献、本底外溢和外地输送这3个动态过程对安徽省PM2.5浓度的时空变化有重要的影响；（2）PM2.5月累计逐小时测量浓度、总浓度、外地输送浓度、本底贡献浓度、本底外溢浓度和月均PM2.5本底排放贡献率，均在整体呈现出西南高、东北低的分布趋势，但前3项在安徽西北部的阜阳、亳州和淮北等地出现高值区；（3）安徽省约97.5%的面积外地输送贡献率>50%，下辖市PM2.5本底排放贡献率在30%~50%，说明1月污染以外地输送为主；（4）工厂密度、车辆保有量密度和人口密度对PM2.5月累计本底贡献浓度的解释力q值分别为0.33、0.47和0.61，通过与PM2.5月累计测量浓度地理探测分析结果的比较，表明人为要素与PM2.5月累计本底贡献浓度的关系更加密切。研究结果可为区域大气污染治理提供科学的参考依据。     

Boosting freshwater fish conservation with high-resolution distribution mapping across a large territory

The lack of high-resolution distribution maps for freshwater species across large extents fundamentally challenges biodiversity conservation worldwide. We devised a simple framework to delineate the distributions of freshwater fishes in a high-resolution drainage map based on stacked species distribution models and expert information. We applied this framework to the entire Chinese freshwater fish fauna (>1600 species) to examine high-resolution biodiversity patterns and reveal potential conflicts between freshwater biodiversity and anthropogenic disturbances. The correlations between spatial patterns of biodiversity facets (species richness, endemicity, and phylogenetic diversity) were all significant (r = 0.43–0.98, p < 0.001). Areas with high values of different biodiversity facets overlapped with anthropogenic disturbances. Existing protected areas (PAs), covering 22% of China's territory, protected 25–29% of fish habitats, 16–23% of species, and 30–31% of priority conservation areas. Moreover, 6–21% of the species were completely unprotected. These results suggest the need for extending the network of PAs to ensure the conservation of China's freshwater fishes and the goods and services they provide. Specifically, middle to low reaches of large rivers and their associated lakes from northeast to southwest China hosted the most diverse species assemblages and thus should be the target of future expansions of the network of PAs. More generally, our framework, which can be used to draw high-resolution freshwater biodiversity maps combining species occurrence data and expert knowledge on species distribution, provides an efficient way to design PAs regardless of the ecosystem, taxonomic group, or region considered.